This exposure assessment used 146 indoor and outdoor spot measurements in 2023 across Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, and Poland to characterize 5G (3.6 GHz) and cumulative RF EMF incident power density in public spaces and educational institutions. Reported maximum 5G-specific incident power density was 10.4 mW/m2 (3.2% of the frequency-specific ICNIRP guideline), and all measured levels were stated to be well within ICNIRP limits. Rural areas showed significantly lower incident power density than urban areas, and LOS conditions had higher average incident power density than NLOS. The authors recommend continued reassessment as 5G coverage expands.

This exposure assessment performed RF spot measurements in line-of-sight to 56 active 5G macro base stations across 30 publicly accessible UK locations. Power density was measured across 420 MHz–6 GHz under multiple scenarios (background, streaming, downlink speed test, and extrapolated SS-RSRP decoding). Reported total RF and 5G-specific levels were within 1998 ICNIRP public reference levels, with 4G downlink contributing most of the measured exposure.