This animal study assessed whether 3.6 GHz RF-EMF exposure affects behaviour and reproduction in adult Drosophila melanogaster, using micro-CT-based digital-twin dosimetry and numerical simulations. It reports no significant changes in locomotor activity after 5 days at 5.4–9 V/m and no effect on fecundity over 48 hours at the tested absorbed power. The authors note that effects could still be possible at other exposure levels or in different developmental stages.

This in-vitro study exposed primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts to simultaneous 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz RF-EMF at SARs of 1 or 4 W/kg. It reports no significant changes in neuronal network firing/bursting activity and no alteration of mitochondrial ROS in fibroblasts. Stress-related signaling readouts showed only minor, threshold-level variations without a consistent pattern, and no HSF1 activation was observed. Overall, the authors conclude there is no strong evidence of biological effects under these exposure conditions.