This RF Safe article argues that biological effects from radiofrequency and pulsed electromagnetic fields can be interpreted through two complementary layers: Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization (as a direct electrodynamic mechanism at cell membranes) and an “S4–Mito-Spin” framework (as an upstream susceptibility model tied to voltage-sensor density, mitochondrial coupling, and antioxidant buffering). It suggests these mechanisms could converge on outcomes such as altered red-blood-cell stability, blood rheology, membrane deformation, and—at higher intensities—electroporation or hemolysis. The piece is presented as a mechanistic synthesis rather than reporting new experimental results, and it frames potential vulnerability to pulsed/non-native exposures as context-dependent.

An RF Safe article argues that plasma membrane potential (Vm) is a key control variable for immune cell behavior by shaping ion driving forces, especially Ca2+ influx through CRAC channels and K+ channel–mediated hyperpolarization. It describes proposed links between Vm-regulated ion flux and downstream immune functions such as T-cell activation (NFAT/NF-κB signaling), macrophage polarization, respiratory burst capacity, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The piece also mentions that external electric fields can influence T-cell migration and activation markers under some conditions, but it does not present new experimental data in the excerpt provided.