This review discusses epidemiological and mechanistic reports linking EMF exposure with oxidative stress and disease risk, and introduces an Electromagnetic Pathogenesis (EMP) conceptual model. The model proposes that non-ionizing EMFs increase mitochondrial electron leakage via electron tunneling, raising free radical production and oxidative stress. The authors argue oxidative stress is a primary mechanism connecting EMF exposure to cancer, cardiovascular, neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative diseases, and behavioral/reproductive effects, and suggest reducing exposure may lower risk.

This systematic review synthesizes animal studies on low frequency magnetic field exposure in relation to neurodegenerative diseases. It reports no support for a causal induction of Alzheimer’s-type neuropathology in naive animals, while noting that evidence is too limited to draw strong conclusions for motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease regarding induced neuropathology. In models with pre-existing neurodegenerative disease, the review describes possible therapeutic effects on behavioral and neuroanatomical outcomes for dementia-related conditions, and no apparent effect on motor neuron disease progression.

This review/overview argues that ultrafine particulate matter and industrial nanoparticles can reach the brain and accumulate in sleep and arousal regulatory regions, including orexinergic neuron hubs. It reports that ferromagnetic particles in these regions show motion responsive to low-intensity electromagnetic fields (30–50 μT) and describes links to sleep disturbances and neurodegenerative disease markers in young urban residents. The authors frame combined air pollution nanoparticle exposure and low-level EMF as a significant threat and call for monitoring and protective strategies.