This paper reports results from a large-scale, multi-phase measurement campaign in mainland France assessing changes in RF exposure associated with 5G deployment from 2020 to 2024. Using more than 24,000 on-ground measurements in direct view of 5G antennas, it finds small average increases in broadband exposure and increased contributions from 5G-related bands over time. The 3.5 GHz band contribution increased but remained a secondary contributor compared with legacy 800/900 MHz bands, and exposure during active downloading was higher than in idle mode.

This NIEHS report describes the development and testing of a flexible whole-body radiofrequency radiation exposure system for rats and mice using updated signals relevant to wireless technologies. In 5-day studies with CDMA- and GSM-modulated signals, no visible behavioral responses were observed and comet assays reported no DNA damage in multiple tissues. The report notes technical challenges, particularly difficulty obtaining reliable body temperature measurements during exposure, and positions the system as a prototype for future mechanistic toxicology studies.

This exposure-assessment study proposes and validates a method to measure instantaneous RF exposure under typical base station load by generating defined data rates (low/medium/high) using iPerf and measuring channel power across services. Validation at four base stations suggests the approach is reliable across different times of day and loads, with reproducible results when averaging over 30 sweeps. Comparisons indicate iPerf-provoked constant data rates generally match exposure during real application usage, with few deviations beyond stated uncertainty.

This conference paper proposes a method to assess combined EMF exposure from multiple simultaneous high-frequency sources using a normalized exposure ratio based on ICNIRP 2020 guidelines. It emphasizes a current gap in standardized absorbed power density (Sab) measurement above 10 GHz and proposes incident power density (Sinc) as a temporary surrogate. The work is framed as supporting compliance verification and safety measure design, with a stated need for future experimental validation and standardization.

This exposure assessment used personal exposimeters to measure RF-EMF levels in the 2.4 GHz and 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi bands in airport terminals and during four international flights, including flights with and without onboard Wi-Fi service. Reported mean exposures varied by route but were described as substantially below an international reference level (10 W/m²). The authors conclude exposure is low while also recommending ongoing monitoring and precaution due to potential health concerns mentioned as emerging evidence.

This exposure assessment study compared RF-EMF measurements averaged over 1, 6, and 30 minutes using contiguous 1-minute data collected over 30 minutes at four indoor/outdoor sites across 15 frequency bands. Relative deviations between shorter averaging times and 30-minute averages were largely within ±3 dB. However, statistical comparisons of overall exposure variability between 1- or 6-minute and 30-minute averaging produced inconsistent results, with broadcast and most mobile services <2 GHz appearing broadly similar between 1- and 6-minute averaging.

This exposure-assessment study proposes a Voronoi-diagram approach to visualize RF-EMF exposure across a city using personal exposimeter measurements of RMS electric field at seed points. Most mapped areas corresponded to about 1.9 V/m, with a maximum reported value of 11.4 V/m, all below the cited ICNIRP guideline level. The authors conclude the method is useful for communicating spatial variability, while also noting broader literature discussing potential health risks from EMF exposure.

This engineering/monitoring paper describes enhancements to the Serbian EMF RATEL system, which has continuously monitored RF-EMF since 2017, by adding drive test functionality to improve spatial coverage. The authors report preliminary quantitative drive test measurements and validation of the upgraded approach. The work emphasizes that characterizing spatial and temporal RF-EMF patterns can support exposure assessment relevant to public health risk evaluation.

This paper presents a quantitative framework for selecting extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) measurement instruments. It uses a weighted scoring matrix across six criteria and a logic-based flowchart to guide instrument choice based on operational needs. The framework is demonstrated in an occupational case study and is positioned as supporting transparent, adaptable device selection for occupational safety and public health.

This exposure-assessment study compares RF-EMF exposure maps produced using a broadband meter versus a personal exposimeter and aims to correct personal exposimeter readings to match broadband-based maps. The authors report that LOS/NLOS-specific correction factors reduce discrepancies, particularly improving LOS measurements affected by body shielding. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize correction factors and support scalable urban exposure mapping, with the authors noting that additional validation in other environments is needed.

This paper presents a machine-learning method to estimate ground-level electromagnetic radiation (electric field strength) in the near field of 5G base stations, using multiple technical and environmental input parameters. The authors report experimental performance with a mean absolute percentage error of about 5.89% and suggest the approach can reduce costs compared with on-site measurements. The work is positioned as supporting exposure management and base-station placement, while noting the need for careful EMF management due to potential health-risk links.

This paper describes measurements and simulations to support terahertz (THz) sensing of European honey bees for environmental monitoring. It reports dielectric characterization of bee body parts across 1–500 GHz, scattering-based validation of 3D-printed bee mockups, and THz imaging demonstrating detailed anatomical visualization. The work includes dosimetric simulations at 300 GHz to evaluate feasibility of non-invasive, continuous monitoring and notes potential relevance to assessing high-frequency EMF impacts on insect health and habitat safety.