2026 Evidence Snapshot: Non‑Thermal RF Bioeffects Across 6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 28 GHz—Why Heat‑Only Safety Limits Don’t Track Biology
Research
Effect Synthesis
Mar 1, 2026
Synthesis of 13 studies (2026) spanning 6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 2.45 GHz Wi‑Fi, 28 GHz mmWave, and real‑world base‑station proximity and smartphone use. Across mechanistic, animal, and observational evidence, multiple biologi…
Assessment of radio frequency fields in the 2.45 GHz band produced by smart home devices.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This study measured RF electromagnetic fields from consumer smart home (IoT) devices operating at 2.4 GHz via Wi‑Fi or Bluetooth in a laboratory setup simulating high user activity. Reported field levels were typically much less than 1% of human exposure safety standards, with duty cycles below 1% leading to even…
In Situ Assessment of Uplink Duty Cycles for 4G and 5G Wireless Communications.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This exposure assessment measured in situ smartphone uplink duty cycles for 4G LTE and 5G NR across six voice, video, and data use cases. Measurements were taken at ten positions near a 4G and 5G base-station site in Belgium. Reported duty cycles varied by application, with some use cases showing low-to-moderate duty…