A rat study in Bioelectromagnetics examined GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz RF-EMF exposure (2 h/day for 30 days) and reported adverse changes in male reproductive hormones, oxidative stress markers, and testicular histology. The authors also tested Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and found it partially ameliorated some RF-associated alterations. The paper notes that because the exposure used a GSM-modulated waveform, findings cannot be extrapolated to FR1 5G NR signals, and calls for further research under real-world conditions.