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This animal study examined 27.12 MHz RF-EMF exposure for 30, 180, or 360 minutes in female Wistar rats and assessed markers related to blood-brain barrier integrity. The authors report increased eNOS expression after 30 minutes without oxidative stress or inflammation, alongside decreased occludin expression. Longer…

This animal study examined prenatal 900 MHz EMF exposure during different pregnancy trimesters and measured oxidative stress, inflammatory, apoptotic, and TRPM2-related markers in rat offspring trigeminal ganglia at postnatal day 28. The abstract reports increased oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation, inflammation,…

This animal and in vitro study examined whether nanosecond pulsed electric fields (200-ns pulses) activate inflammasome signaling after electroporative damage. The authors report ASC aggregation, caspase-1 activation, and IL-1β release in murine macrophages, dendritic cells, and mouse skin in vivo. They also report…

This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized observational MRI studies comparing excessive smartphone users with regular users. It reports smaller brain volumes in excessive smartphone users, especially in subcortical regions, and notes that the association was more pronounced in adolescents than adults. It…

This in vitro study examined LTE RF-EMF exposure effects on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The authors report reduced cell proliferation and a G0/G1 cell-cycle delay after 1760 MHz exposure at 4 W/kg for 4 hr/day over 4 days. They report no marked DNA damage signal (γH2AX) and no apoptosis activation, but increased…

This in vitro study exposed HaCaT human keratinocytes to 1760 MHz RF-EMF (SAR 4.0 W/kg; 2 h/day for 4 days). The authors report increased intracellular ROS and increased expression/activity of several matrix metalloproteinases, along with increased phosphorylation of FoxO3a and ERK1/2. Cell growth/viability and…

This animal (nematode) study exposed Caenorhabditis elegans to 50 Hz, 3 mT extremely low-frequency EMF and assessed multi-omics responses. The authors report significant lipidomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic alterations, including increased triacylglycerols. Pathway analyses suggest disrupted lipid metabolism,…

This in vitro study examined 60 Hz extremely low-frequency EMF exposure (0.8 mT) on CD4 T cells under Th9-polarizing conditions. The authors report increased Th9-associated responses including IL-9 secretion, transcription factor changes (including early GATA3), and increased STAT5/STAT6 phosphorylation alongside…

This rat study examined whether microwave radiation affects Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in testis. The authors report increased TLR2-5 expression and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) after microwave exposure. Key phosphorylated components of TLR signaling (including NF-κB p65) were also…

This narrative review proposes that low-intensity microwave/lower-frequency EMFs activate plasma membrane calcium channels in animals, increasing intracellular calcium and triggering downstream signaling including oxidative stress pathways. It further suggests that EMF actions in terrestrial multicellular plants are…

This 2016 narrative review proposes that non-thermal microwave/lower-frequency EMFs act primarily through activation of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), with calcium channel blockers reported to block EMF effects. It summarizes animal, occupational, and epidemiological literature and reports that exposures…

This animal study exposed 108 male Sprague-Dawley rats to 900 MHz EMF (1 mW/cm2) or sham for 14 or 28 days (3 h/day). The authors report that 28-day exposure was associated with impaired spatial memory, BBB permeability damage, and ultrastructural changes in hippocampus and cortex. They also report increased mkp-1…