Mobile phone MIMO antenna array miniaturization-based low SAR research in the combined EMF.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2026
This engineering/simulation study evaluates tissue SAR from a smartphone operating under single-frequency versus combined (simultaneous 4G and 5G) RF exposure scenarios using multi-pose human models. It reports that peak SAR in various tissues under multi-frequency exposure was 1.02 to 15.85 times higher than under…
Model Variability in Assessment of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This review examines how variability in computational dosimetry models affects assessment of human RF exposure from MHz to terahertz frequencies, focusing on SAR, absorbed power density, and temperature rise. It reports that anatomical scaling and model choices can drive meaningful differences in predicted SAR…
Thermal and SAR-Based Limits for Human Skin Exposed to Terahertz Radiation
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This conference paper uses COMSOL Multiphysics simulations to evaluate thermal and SAR-based exposure limits for modeled human skin exposed to terahertz radiation (0.1–5 THz). The authors report negligible temperature increases at power densities consistent with keeping SAR below 1.6 W/kg, but note that higher power…
Numerical analysis of the thermal effects on adult with brain pacemaker implantation exposed to WIFI antennas
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This numerical study modeled RF exposure from WiFi/5G-type antennas near a 3D brain model with implanted brain pacemakers relevant to Parkinson’s disease. SAR and temperature increases were reported to remain below ICNIRP 2020 limits across modeled conditions, with maxima at a 90° antenna-to-brain angle. Despite…
Auto-Induced Downlink Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure at 3.5 GHz With Focusing Near the Head
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This exposure-assessment study uses FDTD simulations to evaluate auto-induced downlink RF-EMF exposure at 3.5 GHz when downlink energy is focused toward user equipment near the head. Exposure varied substantially by device position (ear, eyes, nose) and by the precoding technique used. The authors report that the…
SAR Estimations in a Classroom with Wireless Computers
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This study simulated 1 g and 10 g peak spatial SAR (psSAR) in classroom settings where each student uses a Wi‑Fi laptop at 2.45 GHz and 100 mW. Maximum simulated psSAR values were reported to be below ICNIRP and IEEE recommended limits, but desk spacing and multi-user configurations could substantially increase psSAR…
Numerical Modeling and Computer Simulation of a Meander Line Antenna for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment, a Feasibility Study.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This feasibility study reports numerical modeling and HFSS simulations of a portable meander line antenna intended to deliver repeated electromagnetic field stimulation at 64 MHz for potential Alzheimer's disease treatment. Using two numerical head phantoms, the authors simulated E/H fields and SAR with a 50-W input…
EMF Antenna Exposure on a Multilayer Human Head Simulation for Alzheimer Disease Treatments.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This study uses HFSS/EMPro simulations to model a 64 MHz antenna exposure on a multilayer human head to match parameters previously used in neuronal culture experiments. The simulations report achieving up to 0.6 W/kg maximum SAR and approximately 0.4–0.6 W/kg across head layers with a 1 A peak current pulse. The…
Modelling the Influence of Electromagnetic Field on the User of a Wearable IoT Device Used in a WSN for Monitoring and Reducing Hazards in the Work Environment.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2020
This modeling study estimated SAR in a multi-layer head model from a wearable IoT device’s Wi‑Fi/Bluetooth antenna. SAR was reported to be up to 10× higher when the antenna was placed in a headband versus on a helmet. The authors suggest that devices emitting below 3 mW EIRP may be considered environmentally…
Electromagnetic Energy Absorption in a Head Approaching a Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) Reader Operating at 13.56 MHz in Users of Hearing Implants Versus Non-Users.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2019
This modeling study estimated SAR in a head approaching a 13.56 MHz RFID HF reader, comparing hearing-implant users with non-users. The abstract reports that BAHA implants can increase localized SAR (10 g) versus non-users, up to 2.1× in a worst-case scenario, and that this increase is statistically higher than for…
SAR thresholds for electromagnetic exposure using functional thermal dose limits.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2018
This paper analyzes how conservative current localized RF EMF SAR basic restrictions may be by estimating the implied safety factor. The authors derive thermal dose–functional SAR limits from literature-reported thresholds for acute local tissue damage and compare these to existing basic restrictions. They report…
Antenna Design and SAR Analysis on Human Head Phantom Simulation for Future Clinical Applications.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2017
This study developed a mathematical and computer simulation model to analyze RF-EMF exposure in a human head phantom, motivated by potential therapeutic applications. The modeled exposure used a Yagi-Uda antenna at 64 MHz with SAR 0.6 W/kg and compared field distribution using one versus four antennas. COMSOL Bioheat…
Effects of Anatomical Differences on Electromagnetic Fields, SAR, and Temperature Change.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2016
This engineering study evaluates how anatomical/geometric differences affect MRI RF safety metrics. Simulations and a bovine-phantom experiment found that similar transmit B-field patterns can coincide with notably different peak SAR and temperature rise. The authors highlight challenges in using…
Near-field radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure assessment
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2015
This paper presents a near-field RF exposure assessment method comparing standard SAR estimation from E-field measurements in tissue-simulating liquid with a proposed approach based on incident H-field measurements. Experiments were conducted at 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz using dipole antennas and a flat phantom, with…
Minimal-SAR RF pulse optimization for parallel transmission in MRI.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2008
This engineering study presents an optimization framework to design RF pulses for parallel transmission MRI with the goal of minimizing SAR. Using computer simulations of a 4-channel system, the authors report significant SAR reduction while maintaining excitation pattern quality and without increasing pulse…
Dependence of RF heating on SAR and implant position in a 1.5T MR system.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2007
This phantom study measured RF-induced heating of a stainless steel humerus implant during 1.5T MR imaging while varying SAR, implant angle to B0, and implant position in the RF coil. Temperature rise at implant tips increased linearly with SAR, with larger rises when the implant was parallel to B0. Heating decreased…