Archive

This engineering paper reviews and classifies beamforming techniques in 5G New Radio and examines beam management procedures at Layer 1 and Layer 2. It analyzes the spectral spectrogram of Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) to illustrate how configuration parameters influence spectral occupancy and…

This paper presents a machine-learning method to estimate ground-level electromagnetic radiation (electric field strength) in the near field of 5G base stations, using multiple technical and environmental input parameters. The authors report experimental performance with a mean absolute percentage error of about…

This exposure assessment measured environmental and auto-induced RF-EMF across more than 800 microenvironments in ten European countries, with a focus on 5G-related bands. Non-user environmental exposure was reported to be below international guideline values and similar to prior European research, while induced…

This exposure-assessment study analyzed two years of continuous frequency-selective monitoring from 13 sensors in the five largest cities in Greece, focusing on the 3.6 GHz 5G band. It reports a gradual increase in 3.6 GHz environmental EMF levels over time and greater variability than legacy cellular bands, with…

This conference paper examines extrapolation factors used for in-situ EMF exposure assessment of 5G base stations in realistic indoor and outdoor scenarios. Using both frequency-selective and code-selective measurement approaches under varying traffic conditions, it reports substantial variability in extrapolated…

This exposure assessment reports 400 ground-level electric field measurements in Greek urban and suburban areas during 5G deployment. It finds that 4G contributes most to overall measured EMF exposure, while 5G currently contributes less. The study reports an inverse relationship between 3.5 GHz EMF levels and…

This randomized sham-controlled study in 21 healthy participants tested whether routine-level 5G RF-EMF exposure affects fatigue and EEG power, while manipulating expectancy via correct, false, or no information about exposure order. The study reports no change in EEG power with real versus sham exposure. However,…

This exposure assessment study introduces a cost-efficient add-on sensor attached to a smartphone to quantify auto-induced uplink RF-EMF transmission across 100–6000 MHz in multiple microenvironments. Activity-based surveys were conducted in seven European countries under non-user, maximum downlink, and maximum…

This study reports a measurement-based assessment of outdoor downlink RF-EMF exposure in a French city using drive testing, spot measurements, and a streetlamp-mounted sensor network. The authors report good agreement across methods and correlations between smoothed drive-test data, spot measurements, and base…

This online survey experiment tested whether risk-communication strategies affect public acceptance of 5G base stations amid health-related EMF concerns in China. Government and industry sources increased support more than civil society sources, and gain-framed messages increased acceptance more than loss-framed…

This cross-sectional study tested whether providing precautionary advice about RF-EMF in the context of 5G changes risk perception and trust in general population samples from Germany and Greece. Precautionary information showed few effects, increasing only one risk perception measure and only in Germany, and the…

This pilot animal study exposed mature male Wistar rats to 4.9 GHz electromagnetic fields described as 5G-standard, for 15 days (2 hours/day) in a semi-anechoic shielded chamber. Open-field testing found no clear behavioral differences between unmodulated and modulated exposures. Statistically significant behavioral…