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44 postsFilters: category: 5g Clear
Negative Controls That Matter
RF Safe argues that “no effect” findings in some RF exposure studies should be interpreted as meaningful negative controls rather than as evidence that RF has no biological effects. The post presents RF Safe’s “S4–Mito–Spin” framework, claiming certain skin cell types (fibroblasts and keratinocytes) are predicted to be relatively resistant to non-thermal RF effects, so null results in these cells can be consistent with the model. It cites in-vitro studies at 3.5 GHz (5G-modulated) reporting no changes in ROS measures, stress responses, or UV-B DNA repair kinetics under specified SAR conditions, and frames these nulls as boundary conditions rather than a general safety conclusion.
RF-EMF Risk Perception & Trust in Radiation Protection Authorities: Comparative Study on Precautionary Information in Germany & Greece
This randomized experimental study (N=2,169) tested how different precautionary information formats about RF-EMF (with emphasis on 5G) affect public risk perception and trust in radiation protection authorities in Germany and Greece. Simple precautionary tips generally did not increase risk perception or reduce trust, while a conceptual explanation of the precaution/prevention distinction increased perceived risk compared with simpler information. Precautionary messages improved self-efficacy and perceived message consistency, and responses differed by country and gender.
Massive assessment of exposure to 5G electromagnetic fields in France: a 5-year synthesis
This paper reports results from a large-scale, multi-phase measurement campaign in mainland France assessing changes in RF exposure associated with 5G deployment from 2020 to 2024. Using more than 24,000 on-ground measurements in direct view of 5G antennas, it finds small average increases in broadband exposure and increased contributions from 5G-related bands over time. The 3.5 GHz band contribution increased but remained a secondary contributor compared with legacy 800/900 MHz bands, and exposure during active downloading was higher than in idle mode.
Exposure to 5G-NR electromagnetic fields affects larval development of Aedes aegypti mosquito
A PubMed-listed study examined whether exposure to 5G New Radio (5G-NR) radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) at 3.6 GHz affects larval development in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Using a custom reverberation-chamber exposure setup and numerical simulations to estimate dose, the authors report slower development at a lower exposure level (46.2 V/m), particularly in nutritionally weakened larvae. At a higher exposure level (182.6 V/m), the study reports dielectric heating that altered development timing and adult size.
Why the 2025 “5G Skin-Cell Null” Actually Confirms the Density-Dependence of Both Pillars of the Unified Framework
RF Safe comments on a 2025 PNAS Nexus study (Jyoti et al., 2025) reporting no detectable changes in gene expression or methylation in 5G millimeter-wave–exposed human skin cells. The post argues that this “null” result does not indicate biological inertness, but instead supports the site’s proposed “dual-pillar” framework in which effects depend on cell-specific cofactor density and frequency-window/coupling conditions. It contrasts skin-cell findings with claims about rapid blood (RBC) effects from smartphone exposure, presenting this as consistent with differential susceptibility across tissues.
HHS is out of compliance with Public Law 90‑602. The clock is running.
RF Safe argues that HHS is not complying with Public Law 90-602’s requirements to run an electronic product radiation control program, support research, and make results publicly available. The post claims the National Toxicology Program (NTP) RF bioeffects work was halted in 2024 and has not restarted, and calls for immediate resumption with open data and a public timetable. It also presents a mechanistic narrative and cites various animal and cell-study findings as support for potential non-thermal RF biological effects, alongside policy recommendations such as LiFi-first guidance for schools and updated standards that account for signal timing characteristics.
What non‑native EMFs really do —the rise of immune‑driven disease
This RF Safe article argues that “non-native” electromagnetic fields (from power systems, radio, and mobile/5G signals) can disrupt the timing of voltage-gated ion channel activity in immune cells, leading to altered immune signaling, mitochondrial stress, and chronic inflammation. It links these proposed mechanisms to increases in autoimmune-type and immune-driven diseases over time, and cites a mix of reviews, cell studies, animal studies, and rodent bioassays as supportive evidence. The piece frames EMF risk as driven by signal timing/patterning rather than heating, and calls for regulation and engineering changes to address these effects.
Ion Timing Fidelity under RF exposure: from S4 voltage sensing to mitochondrial ROS, mtDNA release, and immune dysregulation
This RF Safe article argues that persistent low-intensity, pulsed RF exposure could disrupt the timing of voltage-gated ion channel activity by affecting the S4 voltage-sensing region, leading to downstream changes in calcium/proton signaling, mitochondrial stress, and immune dysregulation. It proposes a mechanistic chain from altered ion gating to increased mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial DNA release, and activation of innate immune pathways (e.g., cGAS-STING, TLR9, NLRP3). The post cites “multiple reviews and experiments” and references animal findings and a 2025 mouse study, but the provided text does not include enough study details to independently assess the strength of the evidence.
Effects of paternal 5G RFR exposure on health of male offspring mice
This animal study examined whether paternal exposure to 4.9 GHz (5G) radiofrequency radiation affects male offspring in C57BL/6 mice. It reports increased anxiety-like behavior and reduced sperm quality in adult F1 males from exposed fathers, alongside reported LRGUK hypermethylation and reduced LRGUK expression in testes. The abstract reports no significant effects on depression-like behavior, learning/memory, or fertility across F1–F2 generations.
Exposure to 5G-NR electromagnetic fields affects larval development of Aedes aegypti mosquito
This animal study exposed Aedes aegypti larvae to 5G-NR RF-EMF at 3.6 GHz for 5 days under two feeding regimes. The study reports delayed development at a lower exposure level mainly in nutritionally weakened larvae, and at a higher exposure level reports developmental changes and reduced adult size attributed to dielectric heating. Mortality and wing length asymmetry were reported as unchanged, and the authors note such high exposure levels are unlikely in natural aquatic settings.
No Measurable Impact of Acute 26 GHz 5G Exposure on Salivary Stress Markers in Healthy Adults
This triple-blind randomized study tested whether 26.5 minutes of 26 GHz (5G) RF exposure at environmental-like levels alters salivary stress biomarkers in healthy adults. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase measured before, during, and after exposure did not differ between real and sham conditions. An exploratory subgroup with frequent sampling also showed biomarker stability over time. The study addresses acute exposure only and notes the need for research on repeated or long-term exposures and vulnerable groups.
Definition and Validation of an Exposure Measurement Method for a Typical Load of a Base Station
This exposure-assessment study proposes and validates a method to measure instantaneous RF exposure under typical base station load by generating defined data rates (low/medium/high) using iPerf and measuring channel power across services. Validation at four base stations suggests the approach is reliable across different times of day and loads, with reproducible results when averaging over 30 sweeps. Comparisons indicate iPerf-provoked constant data rates generally match exposure during real application usage, with few deviations beyond stated uncertainty.
Millimeter-wave high frequency 5G (26 GHz) electromagnetic fields do not modulate human brain electrical activity
This randomized, triple-blind crossover study examined whether 26 GHz (5G millimeter-wave) exposure affects human EEG activity. Thirty-one healthy young adults completed real and sham 26.5-minute exposures at 2 V/m, with EEG recorded before, during, and after exposure. The study reports no significant effects of exposure on delta, theta, alpha, or beta band power across electrode clusters, providing preliminary reassurance under the tested conditions.
Analysis of Actual Transmitted Power from Hundreds of 5G FR2 Radio Base Stations over One Month in Urban Areas in Japan
This exposure/compliance assessment study collected 5- and 30-minute transmitted power data over one month from more than 400 5G FR2 beamforming base stations in urban Japan to evaluate the IEC 62232:2025 “actual maximum approach.” All measured transmitted powers were below configured maxima, with 30-minute averaged normalized maxima reported as < -8 dB, while 5-minute averaged maxima reached about -3 dB under low UE counts. The authors report that the actual maximum approach can avoid overestimation for longer averaging times, but may underestimate exposure for stations with three or fewer UEs if power is not monitored and controlled.
Effects of Simultaneous In-Vitro Exposure to 5G-Modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-Modulated 1.8 GHz Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Neuronal Network Electrical Activity and Cellular Stress in Skin Fibroblast Cells
This in-vitro study exposed primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts to simultaneous 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz RF-EMF at SARs of 1 or 4 W/kg. It reports no significant changes in neuronal network firing/bursting activity and no alteration of mitochondrial ROS in fibroblasts. Stress-related signaling readouts showed only minor, threshold-level variations without a consistent pattern, and no HSF1 activation was observed. Overall, the authors conclude there is no strong evidence of biological effects under these exposure conditions.
3.5GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on metabolic disorders in Drosophila melanogaster
This animal study used metabolomics to assess metabolic changes in male Drosophila melanogaster exposed to 3.5 GHz RF-EMF at 0.1, 1, and 10 W/m². It reports disruptions in four metabolic pathways and 34 differential metabolites, with significant decreases in several metabolites including GABA, glucose-6-phosphate, and AMP. The authors interpret the findings as suggesting RF-EMF-related metabolic disturbance, while noting no clear dose-dependent pattern.
Simultaneous 4G and 5G EMF Exposure and Field Uniformity in a Reverberation Chamber for Animal Studies
This engineering study describes the design and validation of a reverberation chamber intended for large-scale animal carcinogenicity research with RF EMF relevant to 4G/5G. E-field uniformity was tested under four loading scenarios, including setups with 80 Sprague-Dawley rats. The chamber achieved better than 1.36 dB E-field uniformity across scenarios, and the authors report a method to predict composite E-field intensity for simultaneous multi-frequency exposures.
Navigating Environmental Crossroads: Pesticides, Bee Pollinators, and the Wireless Revolution
This article summarizes a webinar series and frames pesticides and wireless radiation as concurrent environmental health crises affecting ecosystems and public health. It asserts that evidence is building for adverse effects of EMF/wireless radiation in humans, animals, and bees, including “high-certainty links” between RF radiation and tumors in brain and heart nerves. It also suggests potential synergy between chemical and EMF exposures impacting bee hive productivity and argues for precautionary policy and stronger exposure guidelines.
Impact of in vitro exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz fields on oxidative stress and DNA repair in skin cells
This in vitro study tested whether 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz RF-EMF exposure affects oxidative stress and DNA repair in human skin cells. Under acute exposure conditions (up to 24–48h) at SARs up to 4 W/kg, the authors report no significant changes in ROS markers, no adaptive response to oxidative challenge, and no impairment of UV-B–related CPD repair via nucleotide excision repair. The authors note that acute in vitro results may not directly generalize to chronic or real-life exposures.
Dual Evaluation and Spatial Analysis of RF-EMF Exposure in 5G: Theoretical Extrapolations and Direct Measurements
This exposure assessment study evaluated 5G RF-EMF exposure using both theoretical extrapolations and direct measurements in semiurban and urban settings, including a campus case study. Measured and extrapolated exposure levels were reported to be within ICNIRP recommended limits, even under high network data demand. The authors also report a strong correlation between theoretical and instantaneous field exposures, supporting the validity of their dual-method framework.
Assessment of 5G RF-EMF Exposure during Large-Scale Public Events via Field Measurements
This exposure-assessment study conducted field measurements of 5G downlink RF-EMF during a large public festival in Valencia, Spain, and compared them with a baseline day. Measurements covered 700 MHz and 3500 MHz bands across three network operators and five locations, using 6-minute and 30-minute durations. The study reports higher event-related power density (up to eightfold at 3500 MHz) but states that all measured levels remained well below international safety limits.
5G RF EMF Spectral Exposure Assessment in Four European Countries
This exposure assessment used 146 indoor and outdoor spot measurements in 2023 across Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, and Poland to characterize 5G (3.6 GHz) and cumulative RF EMF incident power density in public spaces and educational institutions. Reported maximum 5G-specific incident power density was 10.4 mW/m2 (3.2% of the frequency-specific ICNIRP guideline), and all measured levels were stated to be well within ICNIRP limits. Rural areas showed significantly lower incident power density than urban areas, and LOS conditions had higher average incident power density than NLOS. The authors recommend continued reassessment as 5G coverage expands.
Exploring research trends in health effects of 5G antennas: a bibliometric analysis
This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of Web of Science literature (2012–2025) on potential health effects related to 5G antennas. It reports a marked increase in publications in the past five years, with substantial attention to dosimetric metrics (SAR and power density) and their regulatory limits. The authors forecast continued growth in the field and emphasize the need for ongoing research and interdisciplinary collaboration focused on potential health risks and compliance.
Comparative Analysis of Beamforming Techniques and Beam Management in 5G Communication Systems
This engineering paper reviews and classifies beamforming techniques in 5G New Radio and examines beam management procedures at Layer 1 and Layer 2. It analyzes the spectral spectrogram of Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) to illustrate how configuration parameters influence spectral occupancy and synchronization-related performance in different deployment scenarios, including FR2. The work is framed as technical optimization, with only a general note that such knowledge may inform safety considerations related to EMF exposure.
Machine Learning Approach for Ground-Level Estimation of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field of 5G Base Stations
This paper presents a machine-learning method to estimate ground-level electromagnetic radiation (electric field strength) in the near field of 5G base stations, using multiple technical and environmental input parameters. The authors report experimental performance with a mean absolute percentage error of about 5.89% and suggest the approach can reduce costs compared with on-site measurements. The work is positioned as supporting exposure management and base-station placement, while noting the need for careful EMF management due to potential health-risk links.