HHS-OASH-2026-0397-5067
https://www.regulations.gov/comment/HHS-OASH-2026-0397-5067

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x.pdf

PSU = Problematic
Smartphone Use

"Nonetheless, recent years have seen an explosion
in research considering the prevalence of problematic
smartphone use (PSU), which has been operationa-
lised in such a way that it maps onto concepts of be-
havioural addiction: tolerance, withdrawal (dysphoria
when the battery dies), preoccupation, neglect of
other activities, subjective loss of control and contin-
ued use despite evidence of harm [13–18]. Other be-
havioural addictions, such as problem gambling, show
robust associations with common mental disorders
such as depression [19],where sporadic gambling does
not. If a distinctive problematic pattern of smart-
phone use can be demonstrated to be prevalent, and
if this pattern of use is associated with harm, there is
value in identifying children and young people with
this pattern of use and potentially addressing it clinic-
ally. Given the large increase in research studies using
tools to estimate the prevalence of PSU (and examine
mental health associations), it is now appropriate to
evaluate the evidence"

...

"Prevalence of problematic smartphone
usage and associated mental health
outcomes amongst children and young
people: a systematic review, meta-analysis
and GRADE of the evidence"

...
"...PSU associated with mental health outcomes
PSU has been consistently associated with measures of
poor mental health, in particular relating to depression,
anxiety, stress, poor sleep quality, and day to day func-
tional impairment demonstrated by poor educational at-
tainment. Of the studies included, 20 investigated the
relationship between PSU and mental health amongst
CYP. This is summarized in a qualitative synthesis (See
Additional file 1: Table S6)"